There’s been a 20% increase in cannabis use over the past decade. It’s largely attributed to recreational legislation (recreational cannabis is legal in 24 states, almost half the country), but there are also close to 3.9 registered medical marijuana patients throughout 38 US states, three territories, and the District of Columbia. Whether you use cannabis for recreational or medicinal reasons (or both), it’s imperative to have a solid understanding of the plant’s common side effects, as well as ways to mitigate symptoms if they do arise. Cannabis affects everyone differently, but both its pleasant and not-so-pleasant side effects can be managed or even prevented when you know what to do. Here, we’ll explore some of the most common side effects of cannabis and easy ways to alleviate them.
Exploring the 7 Most Common Side Effects of Cannabis
Keep in mind that cannabis affects everyone differently. While some users experience some of the plant’s common side effects, individual tolerance, strain cannabinoid and terpene profile, dosage, and consumption method all influence the potential side effects someone might encounter. That said, the following are the most common cannabis side effects, along with various ways to mitigate them in the case they do arise.
1. Dry Mouth
Dry mouth, more commonly referred to as "cottonmouth," is one of the most common side effects of cannabis. A 2022 study published in Scientific Reports suggests it’s connected to CB1 receptors, which are found in the neurons of the salivary glands. Some cannabinoids, particularly THC, bind to and activate CB1 receptors, ultimately reducing saliva production which causes the dry mouth cannabis is famous for.
How to Alleviate Dry Mouth
Hydration is key to overcoming, and even preventing, dry mouth. Drink plenty of water before, during, and after cannabis consumption to help keep your mouth moist. Chewing gum or sucking on hard candies will also stimulate saliva production and help alleviate cottonmouth. Practicing good oral hygiene, such as oil pulling, flossing, and brushing your teeth and tongue, can also help reduce dry mouth.
2. Red Eyes
Red eyes are another common side effect of consuming cannabis. The primary reason is that THC increases vasodilation in the cornea and lowers blood pressure, which expands capillaries and increases blood flow, resulting in eye redness. An earlier study published in 2008 suggests the presence of an endocannabinoid system in the retina, which could contribute to the dry, red eyes that commonly occur with cannabis use. Another possible reason for red eyes proposed in a 2020 study is linked to THC’s interaction with CB1 receptors, which are also present in the neurons of the lacrimal gland. This tear-shaped secretes tears (scientifically known as lacrimal fluid) that help moisten, lubricate, and protect the eye. Activation of CB1 receptors in the lacrimal gland reduces tearing, which researchers suggest could be one reason behind the dry eye symptoms many cannabis consumers experience.
Alleviating Cannabis Red Eyes
Over-the-counter eye drops designed to reduce redness are one of the best ways to reduce the red eyes cannabis use causes. They work by doing the opposite of what THC does to blood vessels in the eyes. Eye drops constrict blood vessels, and THC causes them to dilate. This short-term side effect typically only lasts 1-4, depending on how much THC is in your system.
3. Increased Appetite
Cannabis is famous for its effects on increasing appetite, commonly referred to as the "munchies." A 1988 study even found that smoking cannabis increased daily caloric intake by 40% after only 13 days. Research suggests the increase in hunger caused by cannabis is linked to THC’s binding affinity with CB1 receptors in specific parts of the brain that regulate hunger. This includes the basal ganglia (enhancing eating pleasure) and the limbic forebrain, (enhancing the taste of food). There’s also evidence to support that THC may increase ghrelin levels, a hormone that stimulates appetite and speeds up digestion. There are also studies that highlight certain terpenes are known to increase appetite, including caryophyllene, limonene, linalool, and myrcene. Cannabis strains or extracts like RSO that contain rich concentrations of these appetite-stimulating terpenes could produce more pronounced appetite stimulation. Ultimately, this could increase potential benefits for medical patients who use cannabis to increase their appetite.
How to Manage (and possibly mitigate) the Munchies
Managing the munchies involves a bit of preparation and mindfulness. Before consuming cannabis, prepare healthy snacks that are readily available. This way, when you’re suddenly ravenous, you can reach for nutritious options instead of junk food. Practicing mindfulness can also help you overcome cravings for less healthy foods by keeping you aware of why you’re craving junk food in the first place. There are also certain cannabinoids said to reduce appetite. Preliminary research suggests THCV, the acidic precursor to THC, may decrease appetite and increase satiety. It’s believed to be because THCV blocks the CB1 receptor, which THC activates, ultimately increasing appetite. Taking THCV in conjunction with THC could mediate some of cannabis’ appetite-stimulating (and psychoactive) effects. The opposing effects of CBD and THC, the two most popular and widely-used cannabinoids, is well-documented, with studies to support that CBD reduces THC’s influence on appetite. It seems that high CBD/low THC ratios tend to have the greatest impact on reducing appetite when the cannabinoids are taken in conjunction.
4. Anxiety and Paranoia
While not everyone gets anxious when they consume cannabis, anxiety and paranoia are a couple of the more negative side effects associated with its use. A bit of a double-edged sword, cannabis contains both anxiolytic and anxiogenic effects. Research shows the endocannabinoid system plays a role in modulating fear-based behavior, and that THC binds to CB1 receptors in the amygdala, which is responsible for regulating fear and emotions. Ultimately, this overstimulation can cause fear-based paranoia and anxiety. There’s also evidence to suggest stimulation of CB1 receptors in the forebrain (specifically in GABA receptors) is connected to anxiety induced by high levels of THC. What’s interesting is that CB1 receptors in GABA neurons in the forebrain are also linked to the “runner’s high,” or peaceful feelings one gets after exercising.
Reducing Anxiety and Paranoia
Choosing higher CBD/lower THC cannabis products may be beneficial for preventing or alleviating cannabis-associated anxiety. CBD is known for its calming effects, with research to support it could counterbalance the anxiety-inducing effects of THC. Relaxation techniques like deep breathing or meditation can also help manage feelings of anxiety. Setting and mindset play a significant role, meaning it’s always important to ensure you’re in a comfortable, safe environment when consuming cannabis.
5. Dizziness and Lightheadedness
Feeling dizzy or lightheaded after using cannabis is also common, especially with new or occasional users. The cardiovascular effects of THC and other cannabinoids are known to significantly reduce blood pressure and heart rate. This is largely connected to localized CB1 receptors, but there is evidence that cannabinoids can cause vascular effects independent of cannabinoid receptors. Regardless, this could temporarily reduce blood flow to the brain and when standing up quickly could result in dizziness or feeling lightheaded. One study found individuals who experience severe dizziness after cannabis consumption when standing show noteworthy reductions in blood pressure and blood flow to the brain, while those with moderate dizziness show a reduction in brain blood flow but not blood pressure.
Dealing with Dizziness
To avoid getting dizzy when consuming cannabis, simply avoid changing positions quickly, such as standing up or bending down too fast, which can make you lightheaded. Staying hydrated and consuming light snacks can help maintain blood pressure and blood sugar levels, ultimately reducing the chance of dizziness. If you do feel dizzy, sitting or lying down and breathing deeply until it passes is typically the best action you can take.
6. Impaired Memory and Cognition
Cannabis consumption can also impair short-term memory and cognitive functions, especially with long-term consumption and strains high in THC. It’s caused by the influence of THC on the hippocampus, the part of the brain responsible for both short and long-term memory. One study found that hippocampus volume is reduced in long-term cannabis consumers, but can be restored after a period of extended abstinence. Research also shows several cognitive functions are impaired by cannabis use, including problem-solving, organizing, focusing, decision-making, processing complex information, and controlling emotions. The severity of these cognitive impairments varies depending on how much cannabis is consumed, as well as how recently and frequently it’s used.
Enhancing Memory and Cognition
To avoid issues with cognitive function while using cannabis, opt for strains with lower THC content. Stimulating the mind by doing activities such as puzzles, reading, or crossword puzzles may help counteract the short-term memory effects of cannabis. It’s also useful to consume cannabis in settings where you don’t need to focus heavily, as this can reduce the impact of cognitive impairment. Heavy cannabis consumers might consider taking a tolerance break, which may help restore some of the memory issues connected with prolonged use.
7. Fatigue and Drowsiness
Fatigue and drowsiness are common side effects of cannabis use, particularly with Indica-dominant strains with terpenes containing sedative-like properties. While there’s research to suggest these side effects can be beneficial for individuals who use cannabis to help them sleep or relax, they’re often undesirable for daytime users. The sedative effects are due to cannabinoids interacting with receptors in the brain that regulate sleep and wakefulness. High doses of CBD, for example, are shown to cause a sedative-like effect. There’s also research to support that certain terpenes may increase sedation, including myrcene, linalool, and beta-caryophyllene.
Managing Fatigue and Sedation
The best way to manage cannabis-induced fatigue and mitigate its sedative-like effects is to choose strains that reflect your desired energy levels. If you’re a daytime consumer who prefers to stay active, choose sativa-dominant strains, which are known for their energizing effects. When using cannabis to help with sleep or relaxation, Indica-dominant strains would likely offer more benefits. You might also consider timing your consumption around your day to manage fatigue. For example, using a Sativa-dominant strain (such as Sour Diesel) in the morning or afternoon, while reserving strains known to make you sleepy (such as Ice Cream Cake) for evening use will help you tailor your experience to meet your desires.
Last Thoughts
Some side effects of cannabis use are more common than others, but being aware of them and knowing what to do if you experience them can significantly enhance your experience. Keep in mind that new users or individuals with a lower tolerance may experience an increase in side effects compared to heavy or regular cannabis consumers. Knowing your limits, choosing the right strains, and knowing how to effectively manage side effects when they arise is essential in reducing unwanted effects. Continuing to educate yourself on how cannabis impacts the body and mind can benefit your overall experience, whether using cannabis recreationally or therapeutically. By staying informed, you can enjoy the benefits of cannabis reduce potential side effects and continually have a safe and positive relationship with the plant.